Medical Laboratory Technology

 A qualitative and semi-qualitative serological test is performed for the Antinuclear Antibodies in serum or plasma. An antinuclear antibody test looks for autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a group of auto-antibodies produced by a person's immune system when it fails to adequately distinguish between "self" and "nonself." The ANA test detects these auto-antibodies in the blood. ANA react with components of the body's own healthy cells and cause signs and symptoms such as tissue and organ inflammation, joint and muscle pain, and fatigue. ANA specifically target substances found in the nucleus of a cell, hence the name "antinuclear." ANA latex Test provides a suspension of polystyrene latex particles which has been coated with systemic lupus Deoxyribonucleoprotien (DNP) ANA produced in SLE bind to the DNP coating the latex particles. This binding is evident by rapid agglutination of the latex.

 The ASO-latex is a slide agglutination test for the qualitative and semi-qualitative detection of anti-streptolysin O (ASO) in human serum. Latex particles coated with streptolysin O (SLO) are agglutinated when mixed with samples containing ASO. Sterptolysin O is a toxic immunogenic exoenzyme produced by beta hemolytic streptoccoci of groups A, C and G. Measuring the ASO antibodies are useful for the diagnostic of rheumatoid fever, acute glomerulonephritis and streptococcal infections. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease affecting connective tissues from several parts of human body as (skin, heart, joints, etc…) and acute glomerulonephritis is a renal infection that affects mainly to renal glommerulus. Procedure • Allow the samples and reagents to reach room temperature. • Place 30-40μl of the sample. • Place 30-40μl of the reagent on slide, and mix it with stirrer and spread it in small circle, mix by rotating for 2 minutes. • Check the result within 2 minutes. If aggl

The widdal test is a serological technique which performed to observe for the presence of salmonella antibodies in patient serum. The Widdal test is one method that may be used to help make a presumptive diagnosis of enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever, Enteric fever is a life-threatening illness caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. typhi), usually transmitted through food and drinks contaminated with fecal matter. It is associated with symptoms that include high fever, fatigue, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, weight loss, and a rash known as "rose spots."This test is performed with TO, TH, AH, BH. If agglutination occurs at TH means result is positive but if agglutination occurs in other three spots means result is negative.   Procedure • Bring the specimen and components at room temperature. • Pour 20μl of serum at slide at four different spots. • Now pour 1 drop of each reagent in different spots of

 Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells normally present in small numbers in the blood (up to 2%) Reticulocyte numbers increase when there is increase in erythropoitic activity. A Reticulocyte count asses bone marrow activity, e.g. whether there is an effective erythropoitic response when there is reduction in the number of the red blood cells due to haemolysis or hemorrhage. A Reticulocyte count   also of value in monitoring the erythropoitic response of an anemic patient. Procedure   • Pour 2-3 drops of blood with EDTA  • Add 2-3 drops of stain 10 g/l (1% w/v) new methylene blue in same tube and mix well • Incubate for 20 minutes at room temperature 37 degree centigrade • Mix gently and take one drop with dropper and pour on the slide and make a smear and leave to dry • Now smear is ready to observe in microscope for reticulates count Result Reticulocyte appears as Pale green-blue stained cells containing dark blue- violet inclusion in the form of small granules.

Manual Slide Method Malaria Parasite Test is performed to observe malaria parasites in patient blood.Malaria is a mosquito-borne, hemolytic, febrile illness that infects over 200 million people and kills more than 1 million people per year. It is caused by four species of Plasmodium: P.falciparum causes more severe disease than the other plasmodia species and accounts for most malaria deaths. P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most common pathogens, however, there is considerable geographic variation in species distribution. Common symptoms of malaria include; shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe, high fever, profuse sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, muscle pain, convulsions, coma, bloody stools                          Procedure • Pour one drop of blood on slide, make smear and dry it   • Dip in methanol for fixation and dry it • Dip 2 times in field stain A, wash it with distilled water and dry it   • Dip 5 times in field

  Theory And Principle Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a non-specific test it is raised in a wide range of infectious inflammatory degenerative and malignant condition associated with change in plasma protein particularly increase in fibrinogen immunoglubins and C-reactive protein. The ESR is also affected by many other factors including anemia, pregnancy, haemoglobinopathies, haemoconcentration and treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.                    Procedure  (Westergren method) • Sample received in lavender-top tube • Add 1.6 ml of blood in tube • And fill 0.4 ml of sodium citrate in same tube • Place the Westergren pipette vertically in tube • Using the safe suction method draw the blood to Zero mark of the Westergren tubes avoid from air bubbles • Set the timer for one hour • After one hour take a result  Result Read the level at which the plasma meets to the red blood cells in mm/hour. Its normal range is 0-15 mm/hour.

 1) Study about blood, blood-forming organs and blood diseases..!    a) Biochemistry    b) Histopathology    c) Hematology 2) Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease of ..!     a) RBCs    b) WBCs     c) Platelets 3) Protein that transport oxygen from lungs to body tissues is called.     a) Insulin    b) Hemoglobin     c) Elastin 4) Amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin decreases from in the blood..!    a) Anemia    b) Polycethemia    c) Leukemia 5) MCHC stands for..!    a) Major concentration histocompatibility complex    b) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration     c) None of the above 6) Why SGPT test is performed..!    a) M easures damage of liver     b) Measures damage of stomach    c) Measure damage of Large Intestine 7) Blood cultures are used to detect..!    a) Helps to count blood components    b) Bacteria or fungi    c) Both of above 8) Inflammation can last for months or years..!    a) Acute inflammation     b) Chronic inflammation    c) None of the above 9) Coughing, w

Typhoid IgG/IgM Rapid Test is performed to observe typhoid fever or also known as enteric fever. Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhi, a negative bacterium. About 17 million cases and 600,000 deaths occur annually in worldwide. Patients who infected with HIV have suffered from increased risk of clinical infection. This infection is caused by contaminated food and water. S.typhi enters through mouth into intestine then into bloodstream, tissues, organs. The symptoms are normally occurs between 6-30 days, main symptoms are fever and rash, other symptoms can be abdominal pain, headaches, diarrhea and vomiting. The clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever depends on the isolation of S.typhi from blood, bone marrow or anatomic lesion. The Typhoid IgG/IgM Rapid Test is a simple and rapid laboratory test that easily detect and differentiates IgG and IgM to Salmonella Typhi, if IgM or both IgM/IgG positive suggest the current infection, while IgG positive suggests late, previous or latent in

Phlebotomy means the removal of blood from the body. Blood collected for medical testing and also for blood donation. During blood collection, blood is collected from veins because,Veins are too close to the surface of the skin. This makes the process easier by avoiding a deep needle plunge just to draw a bit of blood. Arteries on the other hand, are a tad a bit deeper. The walls of veins are thinner than arteries. The blood pressure in vein is less than that in arteries. These equipments are used for phlebotomy. •   Needles    (Used to puncture skin & vein during collection) •   Syringes  or Adapters   (like tube, blood stored during collection ) •   Tourniquets    (tied for blood pools and it enlarge vessel) •   Gloves    (prevent from infectious body fluids) •   Antiseptics     (used to clean the blood collection site) •  Vacuum tubes    (used to suck the blood from the negative pressure vein) Following are the common tubes  • Blue-Top Tube - Sodium Citrate: This tube is pr